Timeline of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind

Timetable of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind 3000 BCE Babylonian celestial prophet space experts start mentioning orderly objective facts of the skies. 2000 BCE Babylonians build up a zodiac. 1300 BCE Chinese utilization of firecracker rockets gets broad. 1000 BCE Babylonians record sun/moon/planetary developments - Egyptians use sun clock. 600-400 BCE Pythagoras of Samos sets up a school. Parmenides of Elea, an understudy, proposes a round Earth produced using dense air and isolated into five zones. He additionally presents thoughts for stars being made of compacted fire and a limited, unmoving, and round universe with fanciful movement. 585 BCE Thales of Miletus, a Greek space expert of the Ionian school, predicts the rakish breadth of the sun. He additionally successfully predicts a sunlight based obscuration, terrifying Media and Lydia into haggling for harmony with the Greeks. 388-315 BCE Heraclides of Pontus clarifies the day by day pivot of the stars by accepting that the Earth turns on its hub. He likewise finds that Mercury and Venus spin around the Sun rather than the Earth. 360 BCE Flying Pigeon (gadget that utilizations push) of Archytas made. 310-230 BCE Aristarchus of Samos recommends that the Earth rotates around the Sun. 276-196 BCE Eratosthenes, a Greek cosmologist, gauges the perimeter of the Earth. He likewise finds the contrasts among planets and stars and readies a star inventory. 250 BCE Herons aeolipile, which utilized steam power, was made. 150 BCE Hipparchus of Nicaea attempts to quantify the size of the sun and the moon. He additionally chips away at a hypothesis to clarify planetary movement and creates a star inventory with 850 passages. 46-120 AD - Plutarch goes ahead in his De facie in orbe lunae (On the Face of the Moons Disk) 70 AD, that the moon is a little Earth occupied by clever creatures. He additionally advances hypotheses that lunar markings are because of deformities in our eyes, reflections from the Earth, or profound gorges loaded up with water or dull air. 127-141 AD Ptolomy distributes Almagest (otherwise known as Megiste Syntaxis-Great Collection), which expresses that the Earth is a focal globe, with the universe spinning around it. 150 AD Lucian of Samosatas True History is distributed, the principal sci-fi tale about Moon journeys. He likewise later does Icaromenippus, another moon-journey story. 800 AD Baghdad turns into the galactic investigation focus of the world. 1010 AD The Persian artist Firdaus distributes a 60,000-refrain epic sonnet, Sh_h-N_ma, about enormous travel. 1232 AD Rockets ( bolts of flying fire) utilized at the attack of Kai-fung-fu. 1271 AD Robert Anglicus endeavors to record surface and climate conditions on planets. 1380 AD T. Przypkowski contemplates rocketry. 1395-1405 AD Konrad Kyeser von Eichstdt produces Bellifortis, depicting numerous military rockets. 1405 AD - Von Eichstdt expounds on skyrockets. 1420 AD - Fontana plans different rockets. 1543 AD - Nicolaus Copernicus distributes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs), resuscitating Aristarchus heliocentric hypothesis. 1546-1601 AD - Tycho Brahe estimates places of stars and planets. Supports heliocentric hypothesis. 1564-1642 AD - Galileo Galilei first uses the telescope to watch the skies. Finds sunspots, four significant satellites on Jupiter (1610), and Venus stages. Protects Copernican hypothesis in Dialogo sopra I due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialog of the Two Chief Systems of the World), 1632. 1571-1630 AD - Johannes Kepler infers the three incredible laws of planetary movement: planetary circles are ovals with the sun as one focal point of the legitimately identified with its good ways from the Sun. Discoveries were distributed in Astronomia nova (New Astronomy), 1609, and De harmonice mundi (On the Harmony of the World), 1619. 1591 AD - Von Schmidlap composes a book about non-military rockets. Proposes rockets balanced out by sticks and rockets mounted on rockets for additional force. 1608 AD - Telescopes created. 1628 AD - Mao Yuan-I makes the Wu Pei Chih, portraying black powder and rocket production and use. 1634 AD - After death distribution of Keplers Somnium (Dream), a sci-fi passage guarding heliocentrism. 1638 AD - After death distribution of Francis Goodwins The Man in the Moon: or a Discourse of Voyage Thither. It advances the hypothesis that the fascination from the Earth is more prominent than that from the moon Publication of John Wilkins Discovery of a New World a talk about existence on different planets. 1642-1727 AD - Isaac Newtonâ synthesizes late galactic disclosures through general attraction in his acclaimed, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), 1687. 1649, 1652 AD - Cyranos reference to sparklers in his books, Voyage dans la Lune (Voyage to the Moon) and Histoire des États and so on Empires du Soleil (History of the States and Empires of the Sun). Both allude to the most up to date logical hypotheses. 1668 AD - Rocket analyzes close to Berlin by the German colonel, Christoph von Geissler. 1672 AD - Cassini, an Italian stargazer, predicts the separation among Earth and Sun to be 86,000,000 miles. 1686 AD - Bernard de Fontenelles well known space science book, Entretiens sur la Pluralitã © des Mondes (Discourses on the Plurality of Worlds) distributed. Contained hypotheses about the livability of the planets. 1690 AD - Gabriel Daniels Voiage du Monde de Descartes (Voyage to the World of Descartes) talks about the spirits division from the body so as to go to the Globe of the Moon. 1698 AD - Christian Huygens, famous researcher, composes Cosmotheoros, or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds, a non-anecdotal reason on life on different planets. 1703 AD - David Russens Iter Lunare: or Voyage to the Moon utilizes catapulting to the moon. 1705 AD - Daniel Defoes The Consolidator recounts an antiquated races dominance of Lunar flight and portrays different spaceships and legends of lunar flights. 1752 AD - Voltaires Micromã ©gas portrays a race of individuals on the star Sirius. 1758 AD - Emanuel Swedenborg composes Earths in our Solar System, which adopts Christian Huygens non-anecdotal strategy to examining life on different planets. 1775 AD - Louis Folie composes Le Philosophe Sans Prã ©tention, about a Mercurian who watches Earthlings. 1781 AD - Walk 13: William Herschelâ makes his ownâ telescopeâ and finds Uranus. He likewise advances hypotheses of a tenable sun and life on other planetary bodies. Hyder Ali of India utilizes rockets against the British (were made out of substantial metal cylinders guided by bamboo and had a scope of a mile). 1783 AD - Firstâ manned balloonâ flight made. 1792-1799 AD - Further utilization of military rockets against the British in India. 1799-1825 AD - Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace, creates a five-volume work to portray the Newtonian arrangement of the world, entitled Celestial Mechanics. 1800 - English Admiral Sir William Congreveâ began working with rockets for military purposes in England. He had initially adjusted the thought from Indian rockets. 1801 AD - Rocket tests did by the scientist, Congreve. Stargazers find that the huge hole among Mars and Jupiter contains a huge space rock belt. The biggest, Ceres, was found to have a breadth of 480 miles. 1806 - Claude Ruggiere propelled little creatures in rockets furnished with parachutes, in France. 1806 AD - First significant rocket siege done (on Boulogne, utilizing Congreve rockets). 1807 AD - William Congreveâ used his rockets in the Napoleonic Wars, as the British assaulted Copenhagen and Denmark. 1812 AD - English rocket fire on Blasdenburg. Results in the taking of Washington D.C. what's more, the White House. 1813 AD - English Rocket Corps shaped. Start by making a move in Leipzig. 1814 AD - August 9: British rocket fire on Fort McHenry prompts Francis Scott Key to compose the rockets red glare line in his popular sonnet. During the War of Independence, the British utilized the Congreve rocketsâ to attack Fort McHenry in Baltimore. 1817 - In St. Petersburg, Russian Zasyadko rockets were terminated. 1825 AD - Dutch powers bomb the Celebes clan in the East Indies William Haleâ develops the stickless rocket. 1826 AD - Congreve performs further rocket tests utilizing stage (rockets mounted on rockets) as set out by Von Schmidlap. 1827 AD - George Tucker, under the pen name Atterlay, speaks to another wave in sci-fi, through portraying a spaceship in A Voyage to the Moon with some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy of the People of Morosofia and different Lunarians. 1828 - Russian Zasyadko rockets were put to use in the Russo Turkish War. 1835 AD - Edgar Allen Poe depicts a lunar journey in an inflatable in Lunar Discoveries, Extraordinary Aerial Voyage by Baron Hans Pfaall. August 25: Richard Adams Locke distributes his Moon Hoax. He distributes seven days in length sequential in the New York Sun, as though composed by Sir John Herschel, pioneer of Uranus, about moon animals. This was under the title, Great Astronomical Discoveries Lately Made By Sir John Herschel. 1837 AD - Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mdler distribute a guide of the moon utilizing the telescope at Beers observatory.

Michele A. Paludi’s “Sexual Harassment in College” Essay

Valid or bogus? Numerous individuals accept that lewd behavior just includes physical attack. Bogus! I don’t know where Dr. Paludi got this distraction of a definition from with the goal that she could assault it, however inappropriate behavior had consistently implied renumeration, grades for sex, or, in the working environment, sexual favors to land the position or a raise. In either case, power was once in a while required. Regie T. has looked into both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Act of 1972, and even without contribution from the progressing banter, I can see that as per government law, lewd behavior is all the way not entirely clear. School strategies? Same unhelpful and confounding articulations. Gazing at understudies, praising them, calling them â€Å"dear†, ‘uncomfortable’ witticism, having an exercise on the unclothed female figureâ€all these ‘harassing’ practices have been utilized to fire educators. Indeed, even completely consensual relationships weren’t safe, when some outsider discovered, got irritated, and discovered time to whine. I accept individuals do have an away from of what establishes lewd behavior OK. Valid or bogus? Habitually people are informed that inappropriate behavior is an uncommon occurence or that the grounds has never petitioned for it against a person. Valid. I asked at Valley College’s VP for Student Services and its reaction was that in the previous five years, just two understudies had documented inappropriate behavior objections against anyone, the last being in 2001. In my open talking class at that foundation the previous spring, I saw an episode where the teacher advised a pregnant understudy to ‘waddle down’ to the front. The understudy said it wasn’t interesting, separated in tears, and the educator apologized. Already, this understudy likewise cried when a person called her fat. Toward the finish of the term, I caught her state, after not getting a ‘A’ in the class, that she may grumble to the senior member. I’m sure that had she had been remembered for one of those reviews on obnoxious attack, she would’ve answered to having been explicitly badgering. Valid or bogus? There is a typical fantasy that there is a â€Å"typical† harasser who can be distinguished by his barefaced and evident abuse of numerous ladies. Possibly previously; presently it’s False. One of Paludi’s sources which I’ve read, Billie Dziech and Linda Weiner’s standard provocation content, has beenâ brainwashing ladies for just about 20 years. It cautions against The Lecherous Professor who could be of any believable sort, from an up-to-date â€Å"public harasser,† a preservationist â€Å"private harasser,† a pleasant â€Å"Counselor-Helper,† or even a shrewd â€Å"Intellectual Seducer.† As more ladies are presented to this book, we can’t truly accuse them when they begin speculating everybody with the exception of the regular obsessive and unusually carrying on educator. As UCLA Professor, social pundit, and all-lady Cristina Nehring put it: â€Å"[G]ive a gathering of apathetically effective people of either sex a glass through which to see themselves as significant casualties, restricted in their prosperity not by the unobtrusiveness of their own abilities yet by the pervasive treachery of the â€Å"system,† and chances are acceptable they will figure out how to utilize it. Blend in the disdain of a relationship gone astray, or a relationship wanted however never got, and you start to comprehend the wellspring of a decent number of lewd behavior charges. Add to this a strong money related trap (ladies have received significant benefits through badgering suits in which the weight of disproof was on the respondent and institutional compassion totally with the informer), and the fascination of such charges turns out to be still clearer.† Valid or bogus? Ladies may not name their encounters as inappropriate behavior despite the fact that the encounters meet the legitimate meaning of this type of exploitation. Bogus. Today, there is such an incredible concept as an excessive amount of mindfulness. Once more, Nehring addressed this best: â€Å"In our illuminated contemporary college, men tread lightly and ladies run from shadows. Each motion is suspect: if an associate commendations you on your dress, it bears a resemblance to sexism; if an educator is neighborly, he is preparing you for future sexual maltreatment. There is no graciousness so honest that ladies taught in the â€Å"patterns† of provocation can't remember it as a case of the recently recognized action specialists allude to as â€Å"grooming† the casualty for the murder. Scholastic support, simple quipping, a loving epithetâ€all of what used to be the money of good cooperation just as teachingâ€have become cause for cautiousness, grub for objection, the stuff of suits.† On the off chance that there was ever a woman’s issue that merits a backfire, it is inappropriate behavior; tragically the kickback has showed up in different battlegrounds where there are genuine ladies casualties, for example, assault, interbreeding and kid attack, however not this one. Women's activists have as of now wonâ€the intermittent genuine harasser is handily recognized and tossed out of office, But in describing all school female understudies as feeble and resourceless casualties, and all male personnel as storage room scalawags, the customary study halls are presently frightfully and boringly terrible for everybody; they ought to be currently taken off alone. Lewd behavior stays a significant issue in secondary school and in the working environment, however I just don’t see it being one in school any longer. Work Cited Nehring, Cristina. â€Å"The Higher Yearning.† Harper’s Magazine 303.1816 (2001): 64-72.

Sailing Spring Break

Sailing Spring Break My spring break consisted of some of the things I love most in this world: sailing, friends, food, and warm weather. Woo! Every spring break, the sailing team goes to the College of Charleston in South Carolina for training. This post is about that. If you follow MIT Student Life on Snapchat and were keeping up with the social medias last week, you already know how cool the sailing team is (we ran the account during spring break!!), but if you don’t then I hope this post sufficiently informs you of our greatness. We reported to the sailing pavilion at 5:30 am on Saturday packed and ready for Charleston. The flight was about 2 hours, and from the airport we quickly stopped at a grocery store for food and the hotel to drop off bags, then went right to the venue for an afternoon of sailing. (PS the airport was super cool and I saw a Dreamlifter in real life and wow it is huge.) The venue was beautiful. Charleston’s boathouse is right next to an aircraft-carrier-converted-into-a-museum with some dope planes on it. (^^Photocredz to Julia C. 20!!) Basically, our schedule each day was as follows: Wake up Food Sailing Food Sailing Food Sleep The weather was amazing. There was no snow. It was not cold. I wore sleeveless things. I got a watch tan. It was great. A couple days, there was not enough wind to sail during the morning session. Instead, we had meetings and reviewed video footage from previous days.  Sailing in Charleston is way different from sailing on the Charles River (which, in case you didnt know, is dammed and therefore has no flow). Sailing in Charleston was probably some of the most fun sailing I’ve ever sailed. We mainly used z420’s, which I personally found more fun to sail in than the FJ’s we sail at MIT. (^Also PC to Julia) Because College of Charleston is not currently on spring break, we got to practice with them during our afternoon sessions of Tuesday and Wednesday. Any practice against unfamiliar people is especially helpful because you can learn a lot from each other. We had groups of people team racing and fleet racing Charlestons team.  I got to do both, which was super fun. For non-sailors: Team racing is 3v3 and the aim is for your team to finish in a combo beating the other team (ex: your team wins if your finish results are 2nd, 3rd, and 4th place (totaling 9 points) and the other team finishes 1st, 5th, and 6th (totaling 12 points)). All 3 boats work together to reach a winning combination. For example, if one of your teammates is falling behind, you might try and slow a boat on the other team so that your teammate can pass them. Fleet racing and any number of boats, and everybody is trying to sail as fast as they can and don’t have the goal to mess up others. After afternoon sessions, wed go back to the hotel to shower, then go out to a different restaurant each day for dinner. On Sunday, we went a fun park for some Go-Karting and mini golf. Go-Karting was super fun except for the brief period of time I was stuck behind the slowest. person. ever. and by some strange magic mimicked every single one of my attempts to pass them for at least an entire lap. Whateverrr- I’m still a Go-Kart champion. Now, I wouldn’t call myself a mini golf champion or anything, but I was on a pretty hot streak getting mostly holes in two or three shots, until tragically shot down and disheartened with the Great Depression around Hole 14. I ended the game with a solid 58 points. The last day, we went to a delicious Mexican restaurant called Carmen y Juan. Like most restaurants of the sort, we were given chips and salsa upon sitting down. After inhaling the first baskets of chips, we asked for refills. We were expecting like 2 baskets, but our waiter, Max, returned with enough baskets for each person at the table. Julia C. 20, was especially grateful for the chips and one thing led to another and now Max and Julia are life long best friends. Here is a photo of us with our bomb waiter Max: (Photocreds to Sameena S. 19) And below are some more photos of sailing and the team!! (If you loved this post and are dying to keep up with the MIT sailing team, follow @mitsailing on Instagram!! (Or better yet, join us!! Lots of people join the team with no experience and have a great time and get really good!!)) Post Tagged #photography #Sailing #Varsity Sailing

Theodore Roosevelt Wordsearch and Worksheets

Thomas Paine And Thomas Jefferson Essay - 2079 Words

In 1775 significant political changes that would have lasting consequences were just beginning to happen in the United States. Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson would play large roles in these changes. Thomas Paine was about to publish one of the best pamphlets, and Thomas Jefferson would soon write the Declaration of Independence, both having religious ties. Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement on the formation of the unknown despite their beliefs and differences, fostering independence that still exists 240 years later. According to The American Pageant, Thomas Paine was from Britain. Paine was a corset-maker’s apprentice. Paine had come over from Britain in 1775. The website history.com says that his father’s religion influenced Paine’s humanitarianism, and a strong interest in Newtonian science helped him develop hatred for governments that rested on hereditary privilege. He would become well known in 1776, after the publication of Common Sense, one of the most persuasive arguments for American independence. The American Pageant states, â€Å"He began his incendiary tract with a treatise on the nature of government and eloquently anticipated Thomas Jefferson’s declaration.† According to History.com, Paine’s pamphlet sold around 150,000 copies in 1776 largely due to Paine’s rhetorical and literacy skills. History.com also said that his message conveyed by his style was of a piece with his democratic politics: to understand the nature of politics, tha t all itShow MoreRelatedThomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson Essay example459 Words   |  2 PagesThomas Paine was one of the great supporters of the American Revolution. He was a journalist and used his pen and paper to urge the public to break free from Great Brittan. He wrote anonymously, yet addressed the public as he spoke out about his beliefs. The first pamphlet he published, influencing independence from Brittan, was called Common Sense Paine believed that America needed to break free of the British clutches. He spoke out against slavery and joined the army to help fight the warRead MoreHow America Should Be Governed By Thomas Paine, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, And Thomas Jefferson Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica would be governed. Many people had different ideas for America and yet some were similar. Thomas Paine, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson all wrote their ideas on how America should set up their government. Some of these ideas were not used while some are still used today. Thomas Paine states his ideas for the government in his Common Sense written in 1776. Paine states that America should not have a king. The first king might be great but then ruling byRead MoreThomas Paine And The Bill Of Rights880 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson and the Bill of Rights are three things that have some sort of connection. Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson both have documents. Their documents were both a result for the rule that Great Britain had over us. The Bill of Rights is also a piece where its writing had to do with a freedom type document written to let others feel free. Thomas Paine was one of the great supporters of the American Revolution. He was a journalist and used his utensils to get the public toRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine992 Words   |  4 Pageswhat it is today. Common Sense by Thomas Paine was inspiring to many American colonists as it was persuasive in showing how the colonists should have their own independence. Paine appealed the average citizen’s rationale, hence the title Common Sense. Paine’s pamphlet illustrates the importance of independence, and argues that colonial life under British rule was detrimental to America’s potential to become prosperous. In a fairly lengthy, but readable style, Paine discusses the differences betweenRead MoreThomas Paine s Political Pamphlet925 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine’s Political Pamphlet Thomas Paine’s political pamphlet entitled Common Sense was a very inspirational piece of writing. Common Sense stirred the American colonists who were pursuing independence. It was also a persuasive piece of writing for the American colonists who were unsure if they wanted to split their ways with Great Britain, or not. Throughout the political pamphlet Paine argues that the colonist were not dependent on Great Britain. He makes powerful points regarding how theRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine957 Words   |  4 Pagespamphlet known as Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine in 1776. This pamphlet contributed in promoting the independence of America. In the pamphlet Thomas Paine challenged the American colonists to separate from England and create a democratic and independent society. Along with challenging the American colonists, he hinted at his own opinions about a democratic government that America should plan towards if they seek to separate from England. Thomas P aine also bluntly proposed that the monarchy wasRead MoreClassical Liberalism And The Enlightenment1244 Words   |  5 Pagesdid this was by going back and rereading Roman and Greek texts and retranslating these texts. This new way of thinking also caused the Protestant Reformation to occur. Some of the most influential Enlightenment writers were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and the people of France’s National Constituent Assembly. John Locke was one of the most influential writers during the Enlightenment period, and was the first â€Å"Enlightenment Thinker†. Locke is the author of the â€Å"Two Treatises† andRead MoreCommon Sense Vs. Declaration Of Independence957 Words   |  4 Pages Common Sense written by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, enlightened its readers and ignited the colonists towards the American Revolution. Common Sense was the first document that established a suggestion towards a constitutional form of government. The foundation of the main points in Common Sense were the upbringing of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson in July of 1776 approximately 7 months after Thomas Paine’s work of Common SenseRead More The Life and Accomplishments of Thomas Paine Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagesand Accomplishments of Thomas Paine Thomas Paine came as a English man who didnt have much of anything, not many friends, not much money, but with the help of others wishing to keep him alive and give him a chance at a new life. Thomas Paine grew from a sick, unshaven, almost penniless, dirty man to a clean shaven man who helped band thousands of Englishmen together to fight for Independence. Thomas Paine was born in England on January 29, 1737. Paine travelled to AmericanRead MorePatrick Henrys Speech Rhetorical Analysis952 Words   |  4 Pagesjust apply to physically fighting soldiers, but, for the people fighting mentally. The authors of the important documents, that helped lay a foundation for America, had a ton of courage to speak their mind. The authors: Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, used rhetorical devices not only to prove to Britain that their colony was worth fighting for, but also to influence colonists to join the fight. First, Patrick Henry, author of â€Å"Speech in the Virginia Convention†, uses allusions and

Digital Photography Free Essays

The education system is rapidly changing its dynamic in order to keep up with a fast paced technological world. In this capacity, learning tools are also being overhauled. One aspect with which education is expanding its perimeters is with digital photography. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Photography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though this art may seem experimental, the benefits towards increasing the knowledge of students and allowing teachers to interact in a different level with students are quite extraordinary. In the following essay, the educational benefits of digital photography will be introduced, as well as how effective a learning tool digital photography truly is will be discussed. In the world of education, the one thing that should be aimed towards is heightening knowledge base, and this can only be done by keeping up with the technological world. With the oncoming age of color introduced in photography in the 1930’s and 1940’s as the encyclopedia elaborates, â€Å"Nonetheless, color remained a sidelight in photography until the 1930s because it required considerable patience and expense on the part of both photographer and printer. The dominance of color in terms of reproduction and everyday picture-taking did not begin until 1935, when Kodak started to sell Kodachrome transparency film, and was completed by the introduction of color-print films and Ektachrome films in the 1940s†. With color photography, the realm of the fashion world drastically changed. The limits of black and white and sepia toned magazine covers gave way to brilliant exhibits of color combinations, and a wide range of fabrics that women and men could now see, duplicate, or buy. Fashion photography changed from depicting high-class society women to models in every day clothing. Professional photographers were then counted on to resonant the possibility of how fashion should co-exist with society. With Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar photographers were hired full time to create, in the magazine, a gallery of fabric eye candy dressed on a model with a backdrop. The most notable photographers at the time were pictorialists , Edward Steichen and Englishman Cecil Beaton. The incorporation of art into photography made the photographs more believable as high fashion. Steichen and Beaton glamorized the models with enhanced lighting effects, which lionized the models and made the magazine world believe that fashion through photography was otherworldly. Among new techniques being used, the online encyclopedia states, â€Å"American Edward Steichen and Englishman Cecil Beaton, both one-time pictorialists. These photographers began to use elaborate lighting schemes to achieve the same sort of glamorizing effects being perfected by Clarence Bull as he photographed new starlets in Hollywood, California. Martin Munkacsi initiated a fresh look in fashion photography after Harper’s Bazaar hired him in 1934. He moved the models outdoors, where he photographed them as active, energetic modern women†. So began the movement of high fashion. In the movement, the use of fashion as advertisement was key in developing a market for fashion photography. It is through marketing advertising, that fashion photographers began to be highlighted, as the encyclopedia states, â€Å"The new approach to photography in the editorial content of magazines was matched by an increasingly sophisticated use of photography in advertisements. Steichen, while also working for Vogue and Vanity Fair magazines, became one of the highest-paid photographers of the 1930s through his work for the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency†. These photographers, as well as others, helped to make advertising an art form through use of portraying model’s hands in product placement, and altogether catering to ever-widening audience of magazine buyers. Fashion photography changed through the utilization and realization that product sold only through its modeling and photographic depiction. One very important aspect of the benefits of using digital photography in the classroom is that the brain’s adaptive learning hinges primarily upon visual stimulation. Students themselves are prone to evaluating and storing information more cohesively when it is presented in graphic form (Greame, 2003). In the classroom setting, when digital photography is in use then, the students stand a better chance of learning the necessary instructional material. Digital photography then aids the student in not just learning material, but excelling in the given subject. As Greame futher states, The creation and display of visual imagery have always been considered effective in reinforcing learning processes, and the development of photography as a learning tool brought new dimensions of creativity and self-expression, interactivity and collaboration, to classroom possibilities everywhere†¦The limitations imposed by processing technicalities and the inevitable time-lag have been eliminated by the use of digital photography, which also brings a bonus connection to a variety of ICT learning experiences, most particularly in the areas of digital literacy and graphics manipulation, but extending in applications across the curriculum. Visual imagery and by extension, digital photography, is of great and significant use in enhancing the learning experience and allowing the students to benefit from visual stimulation and the extended ability to learn information better and more efficiently. The process of digital photography also eliminates the need for a dark room and the expenses therein. Also, it allows for teachers and other educators to dispense of using their funding for development because with digital photography the access to film is easier with a simple input device jacked into the computer and the photo uploaded so each student can see it either on the computer, or the teacher can simple print it out for themselves. This is a very good benefit to education because the cost of buying film, and having it processed has now become an unnecessary expenditure and one in which the school board will be happy to be rid of, too. As Apple Education Resources puts it, One of the most important benefits of the Mac-based photography curriculum, Strembicki says, has been the creation of WUStL’s â€Å"digital darkroom. † Students can connect film-based, medium-format Hasselblad cameras that accept digital backs to their PowerBook systems via FireWire. After downloading their images and doing any necessary clean-up or manipulation, the students then send the images to a film recorder which exposes them onto regular film. With film in hand, the photographers can then go into the â€Å"wet† darkroom and create traditional prints†¦Strembicki adds that the digital darkroom is far more cost-effective than the wet environment. â€Å"The huge advantage to going digital is that the output price is really low,† he says. â€Å"Using the Macs allows students to be more productive, and enjoy all the advantages that digital technology offers. † In education, especially in the area of cost, decisions are made and altered according to how it will affect the school’s budget. With digital photography a lot of the cost of photography is cut. Students who are exposed to digital photography are also being allowed to delve into a whole new realm of creativity that enhances their ability to be enthusiastic about learning. The goal of education is to permit the student to explore new and different dimensions of their self, and with digital photography this is happening. Digital photography is affective as a learning tool because it engages students as well as teachers. In learning, the students are also creating and generating an output of art thanks to digital photography. Also, if a student takes the wrong photo, or a bad photo, all that needs to be done is to push a delete button instead of spending the money of developing film: This is easier, quicker, and more cost effective. Digital photography is not just for use in the art classroom, but spreads its technology to each subject area. As a learning tool, students become interactive with the use of digital photography and in certain instances they are prone to be dependent on a group if a certain projects requires it, which allows the students to expand their knowledge base of digital photography by asking each other questions and finding out together what the technology is capable of accomplishing. While interacting with the camera and using it for school projects students are not only learning about their given subject but they are also learning about the technology of the camera. Digital photography is a continual learning process, as APTE Professional Education Development Group states, Digital photography can be used at every phase of an instructional unit. If used at the beginning, students might take photographs for a particular purpose, such as recording a class field trip, and write captions for each photo back in the classroom. Digital photographs may be used during or in the middle of a project or module. Students can observe and digitally photograph the daily growth of mold on bread, or the seasonal changing colors of leaves on deciduous trees. Later, they can write and report on the captured, observed changes. Students might write a draft of a story or historical event, then take pictures to illustrate their story, editing their written and photographic work as they progress. Digital photographs also make a great final presentation for projects in the classroom, as well as yearbooks, newsletters, and school newspapers. Digital photography then is capable of expression and use in each subject area and also allows students to enhance their knowledge of photography itself . Photography is about experimenting, and the students thrive in instances when they are allowed to create, and to make mistakes by themselves, and to find out what happens on their own. Digital photography is a creative learning tool because almost every school-aged child can use it. The power of observation is required, and the way in which digital photography increases the student’s own part in the creative process is what makes digital photography integral to education and stimulating for students. For teachers also, digital photography has revamped the way in which they present material in the classroom. Among a list of enhancements that digital photography brings the teacher, it allows them to teach in new dynamics through enhancing lesson worksheets, overhead projection, e-mailing to students and attaching digital photos for specific lesson plans, setting up a web page and sharing photos through that page so that students don’t have to visualize but can see the photo for themselves. In lower grade levels such as elementary schools, teachers can use digital photography to make merit badges, and certificates of achievement to improve a student’s self-esteem. Digital photography may also be implemented to assist the learning impaired students for a particular lesson plan, or it can be used for taking pictures on field trips and copying the pictures on a disk and including that disk in a digital yearbook . One of the more dominant areas in which digital photography is implemented is in slideshow presentations. Any use that a regular photo has, is made easier for digital photography because pictures can be automatically uploaded into a computer and can be delivered to a recipient very quickly thanks to email (Keith Lightbody, 2006). Digital photography then is a very unique and diverse in the classroom setting. Not only does it challenge students but it also permits the teachers to bring in new study material and new ways in which to learn a lesson in the classroom and outside of the classroom. Thanks to this technological advancement, teachers are stimulating their students to new heights of creativity. Digital photography is not only cost efficient but it also allows students to make mistakes and to easily correct their mistakes through photo-workshops such as Adobe. Students are engrossed in what they are capable of developing with digital photography, and that is why it is an effective learning tool. How to cite Digital Photography, Papers

Starting Up a Business

Introduction The desire for one to employ him or herself is a dream that many people try to achieve in the early stages of life but how one can be his or her own boss depends on many factors. Starting up an own business is one of the few ways in which one can achieve this but creating a successful business requires a good combination of a good idea and the driving power to do it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starting Up a Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A successful business requires skills, experience, and ability to make a dream come true as most of the times it involves personal sacrifice particularly during the start up stage. When starting up a business it is necessary to conduct a feasibility study on how successful the business is likely to be under the existing conditions. The objective of this research is investigating how feasible and profitable is it to start a new business. The feasibilit y study involves among others the following: Market Analysis The question that comes to one’s mind when starting a business is whether there is a sustainable market for the product or service you want to offer. Before one starts a business there is need to investigate whether there is a sustainable market for the goods or services that one wants to offer by assessing the consumers of your products, how many they are and the form they want the product to be in, the price the customers might be willing to pay for your products and whether the market is a permanent one or a seasonal one and the existence of both supplementary and complementary products to your goods and services. After assessing the above and deeming the results positive then you can move into the next step of investigating who your competitor will be in the market. Competition Analysis Satisfaction that you have a reliable market is just the first step in the business development process. After you are satisfie d that a reliable market exists, the availability of the market and the possible rivals you are likely to face in the market becomes the next big issue. This is done by analyzing who the direct and indirect competitors are. The direct competitors are those individuals selling similar products as yours. A deeper knowledge of what they offer, charge, what they do well, and what they are not and the existence of any gaps that you may use to woo customers on your side is very important. Indirect competitors are those other business players who deal with complimentary products to the goods and services you want to offer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The importance of studying these indirect competitors is that they may be a distraction to your customer pool by offering cheaper complementary products and thus causing a shift from your products to their products thus the necessi ty. After you have done the above analysis and the playground seems comfortable the next question that comes into your mind is how affordable the enterprise is. Factors or Costs Among the worst mistakes that any business entrepreneur can make is underestimating the start up costs and the operating capital required to run the business until the break-even position is achieved. It is always important to make accurate estimates as sources of extra capital in future may be limited. For example if one wants to start a French beans importing business it is very important to make accurate estimates of the required capital both for starting up to the point where the business will break even. Calculating the set up costs and the working capital Realistic forecasts boosts one’s confidence and the ability to meet own commitments. When you set the required costs straight it means you won’t require extra capital after the business has started and thus there are chances that the bus iness may run successfully without shortages in the required running capital. There are many types of costs that a business entrepreneur incurs in the process of starting a business and they include costs of sales, professional costs, administrative costs, transaction costs classified as either fixed or variable costs among others as indicated by Webber (n.d). With the available cost on one side and the costs that may be incurred on one side, calculating the initial costs gives one a chance to consider the items which are of high necessity and giving them higher priorities compared to those lowly placed depending on the capital available. Accurate estimates reduce the gap between the real budget and the expected budget and thus placing the business in a comfortable position (Anon, 2009). The working or operating capital is the amount of money needed to keep the business running. For a sustainable business one has to allocate enough working capital in order to ensure the business run s successfully. It is important to factor out the fixed and the variable costs so as to know the required capital. Fixed Costs Fixed costs are the fixed expenses the business has to incur irrespective of the sales made. The costs required when investing in the fixed assets such as the cost of machinery or the cost of land among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starting Up a Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Machinery or plant costs: these are the costs required to buy the required machinery if the business demands one. Land costs: these are costs of buying the piece of land or paying for the rent if you are leasing the land. Stock costs: these are the costs required for buying the initial purchases which will be needed by the business. Variable costs These are the costs related to the delivery of one’s product or service. These costs usually relate to the activities going on within the busi ness. They include; Transaction costs: these are the costs which the business will incur during the negotiation process. Administration costs: these are the costs which the business will have to incur when enquiring about any expertise information that may be required. Others include what the authority will charge you in order to issue you with a license allowing you to start the business. Wages: the costs incurred when paying the workers or your own salary. Wages vary with the size of the business and the ongoing activities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Costing and Pricing When setting prices it is advisable for one to set prices which can cover the costs of production in addition to generating some profit. The business owner should take into consideration the costs which will be incurred during the start up and the running process so as to ensure the product set prices covers everything. Other costs which should also be taken into consideration are the hidden costs (Garrison, Noreen Brewer, 2006). Hidden costs are those costs which are incurred during the process of conducting the business such as the transportation cost or the transaction costs many people do not include them but to know the real business situation, it is always advisable to include them. Measurements The involved costs will be measured in terms of dollars by measuring the expected costs and benefits and then estimating how long it will take to reach break even point. The break even point is that time when the costs are equal to the benefits and the business is neither incurring profits nor losses. It indicates the costs have all been covered and it is a very helpful point in knowing how long the business will take before it can cover all the costs so as to allocate enough running capital to the business (Holland, 1998). Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis Evaluating quantitatively whether to start the business: The last step in doing a feasibility test involves calculating the costs and the benefits involved in what is referred to as cost benefit analysis. The method involves simply adding up the value of benefits and then dividing with the costs involved in order to know how long it should take before the business breaks even (Nas, 1996). Example: A business man is deciding whether to start a business of importing French beans from Africa. The following are the costs he is likely to incur: COSTS: Transport costs(road from the farmers to the airport) $500 Search costs $100 Storage costs $250 Negotiation costs $150 Transaction costs $1250 Plant and machinery $4000 Operating costs $500 Purchasing costs $1250 BENEFITS Sales $10500 Pay back time: (8000/10500) = 0.7619048. It will take approximately 9 months to reach the break even point. Summary From the above analysis we can summarize by indicating that the above business idea has got higher chances of succeeding. If the entrepreneur would like to reach break even point faster he should find ways of reducing transaction costs or search for more market opportunities in order to increase the revenue earned reducing the fraction further. Conclusions and Recommendations When starting a business, there are different types of cost that one must incur before the business can succeed. It is very important to calculate all the estimated costs that may be required in order to avoid surprises. Ensure you have enough capital to help you run the business until it has grown to fund for its own expenses. It is always advisable to talk with the people in the in dustry and enquire for as much information as important as it may be. The support of the family is another vital factor that I can recommend for anyone starting the business so that incase of failure at least you may have somewhere to run to. Many people, as they start businesses, do not assess their emotional ability of dealing with some of the challenges that may come up during the start up stage and thus since there will always be the discouragements and the disappointments, prepare yourself psychologically for any outcome. Reference List Anonymous, (2009). Helping people build businesses based on good ideas and clear goals. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. Web. Garrison, R; Noreen, E; Brewer, P. (2006). Pricing decisions and cost management. Web. Holland, R. (1998). Break Even Analysis. Web. Nas, F.T. (1996). Cost Benefit Analysis: Theory and Application. New York: Sage Publications. Webber, A. (Not Dated). Estimating Startup Costs for a New Business. Web. This essay on Starting Up a Business was written and submitted by user Doomsday Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.